¿Ha disminuido la colectomía por crisis de colitis ulcerosa?

Background: Treatment for moderate-severe active ulcerative colitis (UC) includes steroids, biologic therapy and total colectomy. Aim: To describe the features of patients with moderate to severe active UC, their hospital evolution and need for colectomy. Material and Methods: Non-concurrent cohort study of all patients admitted to our institution with a diagnosis of moderate or severe UC crisis between January 2008 and May 2019. Truelove Witts (TW) criteria were used to categorize disease severity. Twelve-month colectomy-free survival was estimated with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Results: One hundred-twenty patients aged 16 to 89 (median 35) years had 160 admissions for acute moderate to severe UC. Median admission per patient was 1 (1-3), and median hospital stay was six days (1-49). Cytomegalovirus and Clostridioides difficile were found in 17.5 and 14.2% of crises, respectively. Corticosteroids were used in all crises and biologic therapy in 6.9% of them. Emergency or elective colectomies were performed in 18.3 and 6.7% of patients, respectively. The need for emergency total colectomy decreased from 24.6 to 7.8% (Risk ratio 3.16, p < 0.01) between de first and second half of the study period. Kaplan-Meier analysis for long term colectomy-free survival in both periods confirmed this decrease (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Medical treatment for moderate to severe UC crises had a 86.3% success and a small percentage required emergency total colectomy. Emergency surgery decreased in the last decade.

Nefrectomía radical con trombectomía de vena cava: 20 años de cirugías por tumor renal / Vena cava thrombectomy in kidney cancer. Report of 32 nephrectomies

BACKGROUND: Vena cava (VC) involvement in kidney tumors occurs in 4 to 10% of cases, and is associated with a higher mortality. Nephrectomy with thrombectomy of the VC, performed by a multidisciplinary team, improves survival. Aim: To report a series of consecutive nephrectomies with caval thrombectomy performed in an academic center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report 32 patients with cT3b and 3c renal tumors, who underwent radical nephrectomy with VC thrombectomy between 2001 and 2021. A descriptive analysis of clinical, surgical and pathological variables was performed. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves. Results: The mean tumor size was 9.7 cm. According to Mayo classification 3/32 (9%) patients had a type I thrombus, 10/32 (31%) had a type II thrombus, 8/32 (25%) had a type III thrombus, and 5/32 (16%) had a type IV thrombus. The mean bleeding was 2000 cc. There was one intraoperative death. Nineteen percent of patients had complications >= 3 according to Clavien-Dindo classification. Reoperations occurred in 9%. Pre and postoperative creatinine levels were 1.17 and 1.91 mg/dl respectively (p < 0.01). Pre and postoperative Hematocrit levels were 47.9 and 31% respectively (p = 0.02). Sixty six percent of tumors were clear cell renal cancer, 9% were papillary and 3% were chromophobic. Mean OS was 10 months. Two-year SCE was 40%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are similar to those reported elsewhere. Despite being an unusual pathology, the surgical technique has been improving, thanks to the multidisciplinary work of urologists and surgeons.

Tabaquismo y tumores mayores de 2 centímetros son predictores de mortalidad en pacientes sometidos a nefro-ureterectomías por carcinoma de urotelio alto / Prognostic factors in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma undergoing nephro-ureterectomy

BACKGROUND: Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) represents 5-10% of urothelial carcinomas. It is managed with nephroureterectomy (NUR); however, kidney-sparing techniques are growingly used. AIM: To report the results of a 20-year series of NUR conducted in an academic center. Patients and Methods: Review of clinical and pathological characteristics of patients undergoing NUR between 1999 and 2020. Patients were followed for 63 months. Global survival curves (OS) and mortality predictors were established through Cox regression. RESULTS: We included 90 patients with a median age of 68 years undergoing NUR, of whom 68 (75%) had a pelvic tumor and 22 (25%) had a proximal ureteral tumor. A laparoscopic NUR was performed in 60 patients (66%). Thirty-three patients (37%) had tumors confined to the urothelium (pTa), penetrating the lamina propria (pT1) or carcinoma in situ (CIS), 10 patients (11%) had a tumor spreading to the muscle layer (pT2) and 47 (52%) had a tumor spreading to nearby organs (pT3 / T4). Average tumor size was 3.69 cm, nodal disease (pN) was present 12 patients (13%). Twelve patients (13%) received adjuvant chemotherapy. A higher mortality was observed among smokers (Hazard ratio (HR) 8.79, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.5-49.0, p = 0.01), patients with tumors classfied as pT≥ 2 (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.01-1.0, p = 0.04) and those with tumors larger than 2 cm (HR 14.79, CI 95% 1.5-272, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking patients, those with invasive tumors (T2-T4) and greater than 2 cm have higher mortality. Therefore, they should not be candidates for conservative management.

Diagnóstico y manejo de colitis ulcerosa grave: una mirada actualizada / Management of severe ulcerative colitis: an up-to-date

Ulcerative Colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the colon, with alternating periods of remission and activity. Exacerbations can be severe and associated with complications and mortality. Diagnosis of severe UC is based on clinical, biochemical and endoscopic variables. Patients with severe UC must be hospitalized. First line therapy is the use of intravenous corticoids which achieve clinical remission in most patients. However, 25% of patients will be refractory to corticoids, situation that should be evaluated at the third day of therapy. In patients without response, cytomegalovirus infection must be quickly ruled out to escalate to second line therapy with biological drugs or cyclosporine. Total colectomy must not be delayed if there is no response to second line therapy, if there is a contraindication for second line therapies or there are complications such as: megacolon, perforation or massive bleeding. An active management with quick escalation on therapy allows to decrease the prolonged exposure to corticoids, reduce colectomy rates and its perioperative complications.

Insuficiencia intestinal secundaria a síndrome de intestino corto: resultados de un programa multidisciplinario de rehabilitación intestinal / Intestinal failure due to short bowel syndrome: impact of a multidisciplinary intestinal rehabilitation program

Background: In patients suffering intestinal failure due to short bowel, the goal of an Intestinal Rehabilitation Program is to optimize and tailor all aspects of clinical management, and eventually, wean patients off lifelong parenteral nutrition. Aim: To report the results of our program in patients suffering intestinal failure. Patients and Methods: A registry of all patients referred to the Intestinal Failure unit between January 2009 and December 2015 was constructed. Initial work up included prior intestinal surgery, blood tests, endoscopic and imaging studies. Also demographic data, medical and surgical management as well as clinical follow-up, were registered. Results: Data from 14 consecutive patients aged 26 to 84 years (13 women) was reviewed. Mean length of remnant small bowel was 100 cm and they were on parenteral nutrition for a median of eight months. Seven of 14 patients had short bowel secondary to mesenteric vascular events (embolism/thrombosis). Medical management and autologous reconstruction of the bowel included jejuno-colic anastomosis in six, enterorraphies in three, entero-rectal anastomosis in two, lengthening procedures in two, ileo-colic anastomosis in one and reversal Roux-Y gastric bypass in one. Thirteen of 14 patients were weaned off parenteral nutrition. Conclusions: Our Multidisciplinary Intestinal Rehabilitation Program, allowed weaning most of the studied patients off parenteral nutrition.

Resultados inmediatos y alejados del reservorio ileal con anastomosis reservorio-anal practicado en forma simultánea o diferida con la proctocolectomía en pacientes portadores de colitis ulcerosa / Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis performed simultaneously or delayed with the proctocolectomy: short and long-term results in patients with ulcerative colitis

Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias en los resultados quirúrgicos entre 2 grupos en colitis ulcerosa: proctocolectomía, reservorio ileal y anastomosis reservorio-anal (RIARA), simultáneo con la proctocolectomía (grupo 1) o diferido (grupo 2). Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo en 126 pacientes sometidos a RIARA. En todos los pacientes se confeccionó un RIARA en «J¼, excepto en 4 que se hizo en «S¼. Todos fueron protegidos con ileostomía. Complicaciones Clavien-Dindo II-V fueron registradas. Resultados: Pacientes con una mediana de edad de 37 años (12-61), 72 eran de género femenino (57%). Se practicó proctocolectomía y RIARA en 24 pacientes (19%) y proctectomía y RIARA en 102 (81%). Se observaron complicaciones postoperatorias en 19 pacientes (13%). Infección de la herida y sepsis pelviana, en 4% respectivamente, fueron las más frecuentes. Tres pacientes fueron reintervenidos: 2 por hemoperitoneo y uno por necrosis isquémica del reservorio. No hubo mortalidad postoperatoria. No se observó diferencia significativa en la morbilidad postoperatoria entre los grupos. Se observaron complicaciones a largo plazo en 48 pacientes (38%): obstrucción intestinal en 18 pacientes (14%), fístula reservorio-vaginal (FRV) en 9 (12,5%), y reservoritis crónica en 8 (6,9%) fueron las más frecuentes. Al comparar los 2 grupos, se observó mayor frecuencia de FRV en el grupo 1 (p = 0,02). Conclusión: En este estudio no se demostró diferencia en la morbilidad postoperatoria entre el grupo 1 y 2. En los resultados alejados hubo mayor frecuencia significativa de FRV en el grupo 1.

Aim: To compare the surgical results of both groups: Simultaneous with the proctocolectomy (SRP) (group 1) or delayed after colectomy (DRP) (group 2). Material and methods: Retrospective study on 126 patients submitted to RP. All patients had a J-pouch, except 4 S. All of them protected with a loop ileostomy. The median time between colectomy and IPAA was 5 months (4-6 range). Clavien-Dindo II-V complications were registered. Results: 126 patients had IPAA. Age median 37 years (12-61 range); 72 (57%) women. SRP in 24 (19%) and DRP was performed in 102 (81%). Postoperative complications were recorded in 19 patients (13%). Wound infection and pelvic sepsis were observed in 4% each. Three patients needed early reoperation: two for hemoperitoneum and one for ischemic necrosis of the pouch. There was no post-operative mortality. No significant difference in 30 days postoperative complication rate was found between SRP and DRP. On long-term follow-up: Intestinal obstruction in 18 patients (14%), pouch-vaginal fistula (PVF) in 9 (12.5%) and chronic pouchitis in 8 (6.9%) were the most common complications. PVF was significantly more frequent on group 1. Conclusion: In this series, no significant difference was found in the early surgical results between group 1 and 2. In the long term, PVF was significantly more common in group 1.

Beneficio de la quimioterapia adyuvante en pacientes con cáncer de colon: cohorte retrospectiva de un hospital clínico universitario / Benefit of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy for colon cancer: a retrospective cohort study

Background: Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for patients with resectable colon cancer (CC), especially in stage III. Aim: To describe the clinical characteristics of a cohort of CC patients treated at a single university hospital in Chile since 2002, and to investigate if chemotherapy had an effect on survival rates. Material and Methods: Review of a tumor registry of the hospital. Medical records of patients with CC treated between 2002 and 2012 were reviewed. Death certificates from the National Identification Service were used to determine mortality. Overall survival was described using the Kaplan-Meier method. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model was also used. Results: A total of 370 patients were treated during the study period (202 in stage II and 168 in stage III). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 22 and 70% of patients in stage II and III respectively. The median follow-up period was 4.6 years. The 5-year survival rate for stage II patients was 79% and there was no benefit observed with adjuvant chemotherapy. For stage III patients, the 5-year survival rate was 81% for patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy, compared to 56% for those who did not receive chemotherapy (hazard ratio (HR): 0.29; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15-0.56). The benefit of chemotherapy was found to persist after adjustment for other prognostic variables (HR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23-0.94).Conclusions: Patients with colon cancer in stage III who received adjuvant chemotherapy had a better overall survival.

Un índice neutrófilo/linfocito elevado se asocia a peor pronóstico en cancer de colon etapa II resecado / An elevated neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor prognosis in stage II resected colon cancer

Background: The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is an effective marker of inflammation ana can have prognostic value in surgical patients. Aim: To evaluate the effect of an increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on perioperative complications ana overall ana disease-free survival in patients undergoing elective resection for stage II colon cancer. Material and Methods: Data was obtained from clinical charts, preoperative blood results and hospital records of all patients undergoing an elective curative resection for colon cancer, between 2000 and 2007. Preoperative NLR was calculated. Follow-up was obtained from a prospectively maintained colorectal cancer database, clinical records and questionnaires. Uni and multivariable analysis were performed to identify associations, and survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Results: One hundred twenty two patients with a mean age of69years (52% males), were evaluated. Median follow-up was 73 months, and overall survival for 1 and 5years was 95% and 68%, respectively. On a multivariable analysis after adjusting for age, sex, tumor depth invasion, use of adjuvant therapies and American Society of Anesthesiology preoperative risk score, an NLR > 5 was associated with an increased perioperative complication rate (odds ratio: 3,06, p = 0,033). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed a worse overall and disease-free survival for patients with NLR greater than five. Conclusions: A preoperative NLR of five or more is associated with greater perioperative morbidity and worse oncological outcomes in patients undergoing resection for elective stage II colon cancer.

Obtención de cultivos primarios de estroma prostático benigno y tumoral mediante explantes de tejido desde biopsias por punción / Obtaining primary cultures of bening and tumoral prostatic stromal tissue through explants from needle biopsias

La progresión del cáncer de próstata (CaP) es regulada por el microentorno tumoral,el cual tiene como principal componente el estroma asociado al carcinoma (CAS). Sin embargo, los métodos experimentales usando cultivos primarios para modelar el comportamiento del estroma tumoral han sido insatisfactorios debido a la dificultad de obtener cultivos primarios de células estromales prostáticas humanas (Hpscs) con alta proporción de CAS. Así, el objetivo de este estudio consistió en estandarizar una metodología que permita ta obtención de cultivos primarios de HPSCs con alta proporción de CAS. Métodos: se recolectaron biopsias prostáticas de 10 pacientes,5 de ellos con CaP localmente avanzado y/o metastásico, y 5 sin evidencia de neoplasia. Se evaluó la proporción estromal por estudios histológicos y se estandarizó la obtención de cultivos primarios de HPScs mediante explantes de tejido. Los culilvos se caracterizaron por curvas de crecimiento y proliferación Resultados: El tejido obtenido desde biopsias prostáticas por punción de pacientes con CaP localmente avanzado y/o metastásico presentan alta proporción de CAS. La técnica explantes de tejido permite la obtención de cultivos primarios de HPSC desde biopsias, indicando además que cultivos primarios de CAS presentan un patrón de crecimiento y proliferación, superior a las células obtenidas de tejido benigno (BAS). Discusión: Nuestro estudio demuestra que a través de la técnica explantes de tejido es posible obtener cultivos primarios de HPSCs con CaP invasor, debido a que estos presentan zonas con alta proporción de CAS...

Tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in the progression of prostate cancer (CaP), which main component ¡s the ®carcinoma associated stroma¼ (CAS).However, the in vitro models utilizing human prostate stroma cells (HPSCs) as primary cultures have failed in recapitulate the human prostate microenvironment due to the unfeasibility to obtain primary cultures of HPSCs with a pure population of CAS. The aim of this study was to standardize a new methodology that allow to obtain primary cultures of HPSCs with high proportion of CAS. Methods: Primary cultures of HPSCs were obtained from explants of human needle biopsies from 5 benign and 5 locally advances and/or metastatic human prostate tissues. The primary cell cultures were characterized by proliferation rates and growth curves. Locally advanced and/or metastatic prostate needle biopsies exhibit a high presence of CAS. The analysis of human primary cultures isolated from benign and malignant prostate tissue explants revealed distinctive populations of HPSCs that can be distinguishable by proliferation rates and growth curves. Discussion: our studies demonstrated for the first time that prostate explants from needle biopsy, represents a feasible technique to obtain primary cultures of stromal cells from benign and malignant tissues, and represents in more accurate way the complexity of the tumor microenvironment...

Características sociodemográficas y determinantes de adhesión terapéutica antirretrovial en pacientes con VIH/SIDA en dos instituciones de Bogotá / Sociodemographic characteristics and determinants of antiretroviral therapy adherence in HIV/AIDS patients in two institutions in Bogotá

La adhesión al Tratamiento Antirretroviral de Gran Actividad (TARGA), es considerada uno de los principales aspectos para la efectividad del tratamiento en la personas con VIH/Sida. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de serie de casos con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de adhesión al tratamiento antirretroviral, las características socio– demográficas y los determinantes de adhesión terapéutica antirretroviral en un grupo de 103 personas con diagnóstico de VIH/Sida, que asistieron a un servicio de consulta externa de dos hospitales de Bogotá, en los meses de enero a marzo de 2008. Se encontró que la frecuencia de adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral fue de 50%, en la población estudiada. Los hombres presentan una mayor adherencia que las mujeres al igual que los participantes de edades entre 26 y 35 años. Uno de los aspectos mencionados por los participantes es el no recibir de forma completa y oportuna el tratamiento prescrito por parte de su seguro de salud.

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de las metástasis hepáticas por cáncer colorrectal / Outcome of surgical treatment of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer

Background: Surgical resection is the only treatment associated with long-term cure in patients with liver metastasis from colorectal cancer, achieving a 30% to 40% five years survival. Aim: To evaluate the results of liver resection for metastatic colorectalcancer in our centre. Patients and methods: Retrospective study. Epidemiological, perioperative and follow up data of patients undergoing liver resection for metastatic colorectalcancer between January 1990 and July 2007 were assessed. We compared the results between two periods; period 1 (1990-1997) and period 2 (1998-2007). Results: Sixty six patients aged61±12 years (46 males) underwent 75 resections. An anatomical excision was performed in 54 (72%) cases, a right hepatectomy in 18, an extended right hepatectomy in 11, a left hepatectomy in 1, and a segmentectomy in 24. In 24 (32%) patients the liver resection wassimultaneous with the colorectal cancer resection. Operative time was 221±86 min. Hospital stay was 11±5 days. Postoperative morbidity was 35% and surgical mortality was 0%. Resectionmargin was free of tumor in 53 (80%) patients. Five years overall and hepatic disease-free survival was 38% and 23%, respectively. In period 2, more anatomical resections than in period1 were performed (77% and 55%, respectively, p =0.04), without an increase in complications (35% and 34%, respectively; p =ns), but with a better five years survival (45% and 21%, respectively, p =0.04). Conclusions: Five years survival for excision of liver metastatic colorectal cancer in our center is similar to that reported abroad. During the second period there has been a trend toward more extensive resections which was associated with a better survival, without an increase in complications or mortality.

¿Es el tacto rectal una herramienta pronóstica en el cáncer prostático localizado? / Is digital rectal exam a prognostic tool for localized prostate cancer?

Introducción: El tacto rectal es un (TR) es un examen con baja sensibilidad para determinar la presencia de un cáncer prostático (CP). El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar el pronóstico y las características clínico-patológicas de los pacientes con y sin enfermedad palpable en pacientes con CP localizado, sometidos a prostatectomía radical. Materiales y Métodos: Se incluyeron 489 pacientes con CP localizado sometidos a PR entre enero de1999 y agosto de 2003. Los pacientes debían tener un seguimiento mínimo de 36 meses. La información se obtuvo de manera prospectiva. La recidiva bioquímica y la sobrevida fue certificada a través de registros clínicos, entrevista telefónica, certificados de defunción y medición seriada de antígenos prostático específico (APE). Se define recidiva como un APE ≥ 0,4 ng/ml Resultados: Los pacientes con estadio cT2, presentaron mayor edad, APE pre operatorio, porcentaje de muestras comprometidas en la biopsia transrectal, volumen tumoral y porcentaje de tumor en la pieza quirúrgica. No hay diferencias entre los pacientes cT1 y cT2 para el porcentaje de márgenes positivos y Score de Gleason. Se observó recidiva bioquímica en 27 por ciento y 45 por ciento de los pacientes cT1 y cT2 respectivamente. La sobrevida libre de enfermedad a los 4,5 años fue 70 por ciento para los cT1 y 57 por ciento para los cT2. Conclusiones: A pesar del tamizaje con APE y TR y del diagnóstico precoz de CP, nuestros pacientes tienen peores características que las series internacionales, por lo que el pronóstico sería afectado negativamente.

Introduction: Digital rectal examination (DRE) have low sensitivity to determine the presence of a prostate cancer (PC).The aim of this study is to compare the prognosis and clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with and without palpable disease in patients with localized PC who underwent radical prostatectomy. Materials and Methods: We included 489 patients with localized PC who underwent RP between January 1999 and August 2003. Patients should have a minimum follow-up of 36 months. The information was obtained prospectively. Biochemical recurrence and survival was ascertained through clinical records, telephone interviews, health goberment information and serial measurements of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Relapse is defined as a PSA ≥ 0.4 ng / mlResults: Patients with stage CT2 were older and mayor pre-operative PSA, percentage of samples involved in the transrectal biopsy, tumor volume and percentage of tumor in the surgical specimen. There is no difference between CT1 and CT2 patients for the percentage of positive margins and Gleason score. Biochemical relapse was observed in 27 percent and 45 percent of patients CT1 and CT2, respectively. The disease free survival of 4.5 years was 70 percent to 57 percent for CT1 and the CT2.Conclusions: Despite the screening with PSA and DRE and early diagnosis of CP, our patients have the worst characteristics unlike international series, so the prognosis is adversely affected.

¿Se justifica el uso rutinario de catéter ureteral post trasplante renal? / Is routinary ureteral stenting indicated in kidney transplant?

Introducción: El uso rutinario de de stent ureterales en trasplante renal (TR) es controvertido. Nosotros evaluamos la experiencia del stent selectivo basado en la decisión del cirujano comparando las tasas de complicaciones ureterales (filtración y/o obstrucción) en el grupo que recibió o (SU+) o no un stent (SU-). El objetivo del estudio es identificar factores de riesgo para filtración y/o obstrucción. Materiales y Métodos: Entre septiembre de 1994 y octubre de 2005, 160pacientes consecutivos se sometieron a un trasplante renal en nuestro centro. El uso de SU estuvo basado en la decisión del cirujano y fue insertado después de que un lado de la anastomosis estuvo completada. Se identificaron las complicaciones urológicas dentro de los primeros 90 días después del TR. Las complicaciones ureterales fueron definidas como: filtración, obstrucción, Infección del tracto urinario, lesión arterial y necrosis tubular aguda. Los datos demográficos fueron recolectados desde la revisión de fichas clínicas y base de datos computarizada de TR. Resultados: Se evaluaron 113 pacientes del grupo total. La incidencia global de complicaciones urológicas en este estudio fue de 8 por ciento (9), filtración fue vista en 5 por ciento (6), obstrucción en 3 por ciento (3) y 28 por ciento de TU entre los primeros 90 días después de un IR. Cuarenta y un pacientes (36 por ciento) recibieron un stent (SU+) y setenta y dos (64 por ciento) no (SU-). Los grupos fueron comparables. La frecuencia complicaciones ureterales (obstrucción, filtración y obstrucción más filtración) y de TU entre los grupos no mostró diferencia estadística. En el análisis univariado se demostró que la edad y sexo del receptor, edad del donante, la fuente del donante (cadáver o vivo), tiempo de isquemia (caliente y fría), presencia de NTA y lesiones arteriales no fueron asociadas con la presencia de obstrucción, filtración o ambas...

Introduction: Routine use of ureteral stent (US) after transplanstation remains controversial. We evaluate the experience of selective stent use based on surgeon decision comparing the ureteral complicationrates (leaking and / or obstruction) between the group receiving (US+) or another group without not astent (SU-). The aim of the study was to identify risk factors for leaking and / or obstruction in patients receiving ureteral stent after transplantation. Materials and Methods: Between September 1994 and October 2005, 160 consecutive patients underwent a renal transplant in our center. The use of US was based on the decision of the surgical team. Urological complications were identified within the first 90 days after RT. The ureteral complications were defined as: leaking, obstruction, urinary tract infection, arterial injury and acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Demographic data were collected prospectively and retrospectively analized from the review of clinical data base. Results: We evaluated 113 patients of the total group. The overall incidence of urological complications in this study was 8 percent (9), leaking was seen in 5 percent (6), obstruction in 3 percent (3) and 28 percent of the TU first 90days after an IR. Forty-one patients (36 percent ) received a stent (SU +) and seventy and two (64 percent) no(SU-). The groups were comparable. The frequency of ureteral complications (obstruction, leaking and obstruction-filtration) and TU between groups showed no statistical difference. In the Univariate analysis showed age, sex of recipient, donor´s age, the source of graft (living of dead), ischemia time(hot and cold), presence of ATN and arterial lesions were not associated with the presence of obstruction, leaking or both. However, among patients with obstruction leaking a higher probability of developing TU was verified. Conclusions: Our experience shows that routine stent use has no clear benefit in transplantation´s outcomes...

¿Es siempre necesaria la resección de las vesículas seminales durante la prostatectomía radical? / Is seminal vesicle resection always needed during radical prostatectomy?

Introducción: Estudios recientes en pacientes con cáncer de próstata (CP) en estadios precoces han propuesto preservar las VS en la prostatectomía radical (PR) por tener una baja probabilidad de infiltración tumoral, obteniendo una mejor potencia y continencia que en pacientes sometidos a PR “clásica”. El objetivo de esta comunicación fue identificar factores clínico-patológicos preoperatoriosasociados al hallazgo de VS comprometidas en la pieza quirúrgica definitiva. Secundariamente determinarla evolución en el tiempo de este estadio (T3b) y su influencia en la sobrevida libre de enfermedad. Materiales y Métodos: Se revisaron los registros de 632 pacientes con diagnóstico de CP sometidos a PR por enfermedad localizada (T1 - T2) entre 1999 al 2005 en el Hospital Universidad Católica de Chile (HUC) y 1990 al 2005 en el Hospital Sótero del Río (HST). La recidiva bioquímica y sobrevida fue certificada a través de registros clínicos, entrevista telefónica, certificados de defunción y mediciones seriadas de APE. Se definió como recidiva bioquímica a la medición de APE > 0,4 ng/ml. Las variables analizadas en la regresión fueron: la edad y porcentaje de cáncer en la biopsia transrectal como variables continuas y Ape preop (< 10, 10-20,> 20) y puntaje de gleason en la biopsia transrectal (< 7, 7, > 7) como variables categorizadas. Se determinó la sensibilidad (Sen), especificidad (Esp),curvas ROC y área bajo la curva (AUC) para definir el mejor valor de corte que se asociara a compromiso de VS. Resultados: Del total de la serie, 74 pacientes (11,7 percent) presentaron compromiso de VS. El análisis de regresión logística reveló que el porcentaje de cáncer y puntaje de Gleason en la biopsia transrectal fueron factores predictores independientes de compromiso de VS...

Introduction: Recent studies in patients with prostate cancer (PC) in early stages proposed seminalvesicles sparing in radical prostatectomy (RP) due to a low probability of infiltration and better continenceand potency results. The purpose of this communication was to identify preoperative clinical and pathological data associated with seminal vesicles prostate cancer involvement. Secondarily, weassessed the evolution of patients with stage (T3b) disease treated with seminal vesicle sparing(SVS) technique and its influence on disease-free survival. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis of data of 632 patients with PC who underwent RP for localized disease (T1 - T2) from 1999 to 2005 at HUC and from 1990 to 2005 at HST. Biochemical recurrence and survival were verified through clinical records, telephone calls and serial PSA measurements. Biochemical recurrence was defined as PSA >0.4 ng / ml. Variables in the regression analysis were: Age and percentage of cancer disease identified in cores from transrectal prostate biopsy were defined as continuous variables. Preop psa (<10 10-20,>20) and Gleason score on biopsy transrectal (<7, 7,> 7) were defined as categorical variables. sensitivity (Sen), specificity (Esp) and ROC curves were calculated to define the best cutting value to be associated with SVS. Results: Seventy four patients (11.7 percent) had received SVS. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the percentage of cancer and Gleason score on transrectal biopsy were independent predictive factors predicting successful surgery treatment with SVS. The best cutoff point using the percentage of cancer in transrectal biopsy was 14.4 percent, with a Sen of 54 percent...

Trombo tumoral en aurícula derecha en tumor de Wilms / Tumoral thrombus in right auricle in Wilms tumor

En el tumor de Wilms (TW) el trombo cavo atrial (TCA) es < 5 por ciento, siendo rareza el compromiso auricular derecho. Revisamos los abordajes quirúrgicos del TCA en el TW. Materiales y métodos: Paciente de 3 años y medio con tumor renal derecho de 10 cm, un cava inferior ocupada por trombo tumoral hasta la aurícula derecha. Además tumor en la vena renal izquierda y cava infra renal. Se utiliza quimioterapia preoperatoria previa biopsia por punción. Resultados: seis semanas de quimioterapia y un TAC demostró reducción 10 por ciento del tumor y menor TCA. Se realizó nefrectomía radical derecha con trombectomía cava abdominal y renal izquierda combinada con trombectomía cava toráxica y auricular, con paro cardiopulmonar, circulación extracorpórea e hipotermia. Evolucionó sin complicaciones, la biopsia no demostró tumor en el riñón o TCA. Se catalogó TW etapa III sin anaplasia y entró en un protocolo DD4A del NWTSG. A 1 mes de la cirugía el TAC mostró ausencia de tumor. Conclusiones: El compromiso tumoral de la cava y aurícula derecha es excepcional en TW. Los mejores resultados y menor morbilidad están asociados a quimioterapia preoperatoria y buena planificación de la vía de abordaje.

Introduction: In the tumor of Wilms (TW) the thrombus cava atrial (TCA) it is < 5%, being exceptional the atrial right involvement. We check the surgical routes of access of the TCA in the TW. Materials and methods: 3-year-old patient with renal right tumor of 10 cm, a inferior vena cava occupied by tumor thrombus up to the right auricle. Also tumor in the renal left vein and vena cava under the kidney. We use preoperative chemotherapy previous biopsy for puncture. Results: 6 weeks of chemotherapy and a TAC demonstrated reduction 10% of the tumor and decrease TCA. We realized radical right nephrectomy with thrombectomy abdominal cava and renal left combined with thrombectomy thorax cava and atrial right, with cardiopulmonar unemployment, extracorporeal circulation and hypothermia. She evolved without complications, the biopsy did not demonstrate tumor in the kidney or TCA. TW catalogued stage the IIIrd without anaplasia and she entered a protocol DD4A of the NWTSG. To 1 month of the surgery the TAC showed absence of tumor. Conclusions: The tumor commitment of the vena cava and right auricle is exceptional in TW. The best results and minor morbidity are associated with preoperative chemotherapy and good planning of the routes of access.

Evaluación de la mucosectomía cincunferencial (PPH) en el tratamiento de la patología hemorroidal: experiencia U. C / Evaluation of circunferential mucosectomy (PPH) in the treatment of hemorrhoidal pathology: U. C. experience

En el tratamiento quirúrgico de la patología hemorroidal se ha reportado el uso de engrapadora circular asociada con menor dolor en el postoperatorio y una temprana incorporación a la actividad normal. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los resultados de la mucosectomía circunferencial con engrapadora en pacientes con prolapso hemorroidal y/o mucoso en nuestro centro. Material y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo de pacientes con patología hemorroidal sintomática, entre agosto del 2001 y julio del 2004. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a mucosectomía circunferencial con engrapadora. Todos los pacientes recibieron cuidados pre-operatorios estándares y regímenes de analgesia con anti-inflamatorios no esteroidales (AINES) en el post-operatorio. En la primera semana del postoperatorio los pacientes completaron encuestas de escalas análogas de dolor (1-10). Durante el seguimiento los pacientes fueron evaluados con un cuestionario por teléfono y contacto con el médico tratante. Resultados. En total 34 pacientes fueron evaluados. El promedio de dolor en el primer día postoperatorio fue escaso (promedio 2,8) y hacia el cuarto día referían mínimo dolor (promedio 1,3). La mediana de seguimiento fue de 12 meses. Las complicaciones en el postoperatorio inmediato fueron: Tres pacientes presentaron hemorragia aguda y uno presentó retención urinaria. Durante el seguimiento 5 pacientes presentaron recidiva de síntomas hemorroidales (2 debieron ser reoperados). Además, 2 presentaron dolor anal limitado y 2 dolor anal crónico por corchete de la engrapadora circular. Conclusión. En esta serie la mucosectomía circunferencial con engrapadora demostró ser la técnica asociada con escaso dolor en el post-operatorio. Sin embargo, no está exenta de complicaciones y recidiva que deben considerarse al ofrecer este procedimiento a nuestros pacientes.

Alelotipificación en cáncer de testículo / Alelotypification in testicular cancer

Los marcadores tumorales existentes (alfafetoproteína y gonadotrofina coriónica humana) son patrones indirectos y no están expresados en todos los tumores testiculares (TT) por lo que no permiten una confiabilidad absoluta. Por esto, creemos que la identificación de los genes involucrados en la iniciación y progresión de TT es importante. El estudio del genoma humano (GH) ha ayudado a la identificación de la mayoría de los genes supresores (GS) de tumores descubiertos (p53,VHL,APC,CDKN2,RB). Para lograr detectarlos, se identifican las regiones cromosomales con alta frecuencia de deleciones (AFD) y mediante su estudio sistemático se puede identificar si existen GS involucrados. El objetivo de este trabajo es el estudio del GH(alelotipificación) mediante la amplificación por PCR de secuencias de bases repetidas polimorfas, que se encuentran distribuidas a lo largo del GH. Se seleccionaron 50 casos de TT del tipo seminoma puro y se microdisecó DNA de tejido tumoral y normal en TT. Este material fue amplificado mediante PCR, posteriormente se amplificaron mediante primers conocidos, secuencias cromosómicas determinadas de los sitios cromosomales con altas frecuencias de LOH y MSI buscando zonas calientes. Después de identificadas las regiones hot del mapa cromosómico, se acotó el estudio a los cromosomas 5 y 12. Se utilizaron 12 marcadores, para franquear zonas específicas del 5 y 12, donde encontramos previamente la mayor frecuencia de LOH. Un completo estudio de alelotipificación de alta densidad en los diferentes tipos histológicos de TT permitió detectar una AFD y LOH en cromosomas 12 y 5, detectándose que 47 de 50 casos de seminoma presentan algún marcador con inestabilidad genética en estas zonas, un 78 por ciento de los tumores estudiados (38/50) presentan más de 3 marcadores con inestabilidad. Al franquear las regiones específicas, la frecuencia de inestabilidad (FI) aumenta significativamente en el brazo p de ambos cromosomas. A la luz de los resultados concluimos que existe una FI significativamente alta en los cromosomas 5 y 12, lo que sugiere que en alguna región cercana del brazo corto de estos, se puede encontrar algún GS. Este gen se encontraría posiblemente inactivo, dado que la FI aumenta al cercar el área, lo que hace pensar en un rol supresor. Este es el primer estudio que logra identificar las zonas de inestabilidad cromosomal más frecuentes del TT y ahora realizaremos el estudio de baja densidad con la intención de encontrar este gen.